September 10, 1963

White students in Tuskegee, Alabama, withdraw from school after racial integration; with help of state funds, most enroll at private Macon Academy, which is still over 90% white today.

September 9, 1957

Mobs of white church members led by a local minister protest the integration of white elementary schools in Nashville, Tennessee, by 19 Black six-year-olds; the school is bombed the next morning.

September 8, 2010

Officials at Kilby Correctional Facility in Montgomery, Alabama, prohibit an EJI client from receiving Slavery by Another Name, a Pulitzer Prize-winning book about the history of convict leasing in Alabama.

September 7, 1963

Local merchants in Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana, begin enforcing an ordinance that denies service to all members of the U.S. military, regardless of their race, to protest integration of the armed services.

September 6, 1913

Eight Black men die of asphyxiation after authorities at a prison farm in Richmond, Texas, confine 12 Black men in an underground cell as punishment for not picking cotton fast enough.

September 4, 1875

White mob attack and murder more than 20 Black citizens in Clinton, Mississippi, in a riot that lasts several days and becomes known as the Clinton Massacre.

September 3, 1901

Alabama adopts racist new state constitution that seeks to legalize white supremacy, prohibits interracial marriage, and mandates separate schools for Black and white children.