July 22, 1899

Moments before his trial is to begin, a white mob whips Frank Embree, a Black man, over 100 times and hangs him in front of more than 1,000 onlookers in Fayette, Missouri.

July 21, 2016

Days after shooting Black therapist Charles Kinsey and handcuffing him as he lay bleeding on the ground, police in North Miami, Florida, claim the officer was aiming for Dr. Kinsey’s unarmed autistic patient.

July 20, 2015

After discussing the need to protect the Confederate memorials, North Carolina’s House passes bill requiring legislative approval to remove historical monuments; the bill is signed into law days later.

July 19, 1919

After a Black man is accused of trying to rape a white woman is released, white mobs in Washington DC attack Black people, killing 40 and injuring 150 people over four days.

July 18, 1863

The 54th Massachusetts Infantry, the nation’s first all-African American regiment, leads an attack on Confederate troops at Fort Wagner, South Carolina.

June 17, 2001

Harvard University’s Civil Rights Project releases a study finding that schools were more segregated in 2000 than they were in the 1970s before desegregation efforts, including busing, began.

July 16, 1944

Irene Morgan, a Black woman, is arrested in Virginia for refusing to give up her seat to a white passenger on an interstate Greyhound bus.

July 15, 1954

U.S. Border Patrol begins “Operation Wetback,” in which agents deport more than one million people to Mexico and and stop “Mexican-looking” people on the street to demand identification.

July 14, 2014

Federal appeals court rules Texas must issue group license plate for Sons of Confederate Veterans thats features a Confederate flag; United States later reverses this decision.

July 13, 1863

Poor white laborers riot in New York City against Union draft that exempts African Americans and anyone else for $300 fee; rioters kill or injure 1000 people, most of them African Americans.