August 3, 2019

Suspected white nationalist commits mass shooting in El Paso, Texas, killing 22 people and wounding 24.

August 2, 1900

North Carolina voters overwhelmingly approve amendment to disenfranchise African Americans as part of a statewide campaign to intimidate Black registered voters.

August 1, 1944

In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 6000 white transit employees strike after eight Black men begin training as motormen on street cars, a job that had been reserved for white men only.

July 31, 1919

After a Black teenager is killed for drifting into a “white” section of Lake Michigan, Black protests in Chicago are met with white violence and days of riots.

July 29, 1917

Newspapers report that, one day earlier, 10,000 African Americans staged a silent march through New York City to protest racial violence in the U.S.

July 28, 1868

Government announces ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment, which establishes Black citizenship but allows states to ban voters with criminal convictions, leading to continued racialized disenfranchisement.

July 27, 1967

Detroit Uprising ends; sparked by complaints about police brutality and racial inequality. It left more than 1100 people injured, $40 million in damage, and 33 Black people and 10 white people dead.

July 26, 2016

First Lady Michelle Obama’s speech acknowledging “I wake up every morning in a house built by slaves” sparks backlash.

July 25, 1890

Marsh Cook, a white advocate for Black voting rights, is murdered in Jasper County, Mississippi, by white men who oppose his work. No one is arrested or prosecuted.